E ʻimi ana i nā mea maʻamau no nā mea paʻa
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea paʻa he kila. Ma ke ʻano he kanaka e hana nei i ka ʻoihana paʻa, pono e hoʻomaopopo i nā loli, nā ʻokoʻa a me nā noi. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea paʻa he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ke koho ʻana i ka mea kūpono no kahi noi kikoʻī. Eia kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā mea hoʻopili maʻamau, kā lākou haku mele, a me nā noi maʻamau:
Ⅰ. ʻO ka hao hao
Huina: Loaʻa i ka hao kalapona ka hao me ka liʻiliʻi o ke kalapona (maʻamau ma lalo o 1.7%) a i kekahi manawa nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka manganese, silikon, a i ʻole sulfur.
Papa helu: Ke kila hao haʻahaʻa (māmā), kila kalapona waena, kila kila kiʻekiʻe.
♦ʻO ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he kila māmā, loaʻa ka ʻike kalapona mai ka 0.10% a i ka 0.30%. He mea maʻalahi ke kalapona kalapona haʻahaʻa e ʻae i nā hana like ʻole e like me ka forging, welding a me ka ʻoki ʻana, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana i nā kaulahao, rivets, bolts, shafts, etc. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o lākou no nā ʻāpana hana ʻenekinia me ka mālama ʻole ʻana i ka wela, a hoʻohana ʻia kekahi no nā ʻāpana mechanical e koi ai i ka pale ʻana ma hope o ka carbonization a me nā lāʻau wela ʻē aʻe.
♦ʻO ke kila kalapona waena he kila kalapona me ka maʻiʻo kalapona o 0.25% a 0.60%. Ma waho aʻe o ke kalapona, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka manganese (0.70% a 1.20%). E like me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke kila kila kila a me ke kila kila kila kiʻekiʻe. He maikaʻi ka hana wela a me ka ʻoki ʻana, akā maikaʻi ʻole ka hana wili. ʻOi aku ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī ma mua o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka plasticity a me ka paʻakikī ma mua o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa. Loaʻa i ke kila kalapona maikaʻi nā waiwai mechanical piha ma hope o ke kinai ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana. No laila, i nā hoʻohana like ʻole me nā pae ikaika waena, hoʻohana nui ʻia ke kila kalapona waena. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he hale kūkulu hale, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana mechanical like ʻole.
♦ʻO ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe, i kapa pinepine ʻia he kila mea hana, loaʻa ka maʻi kalapona mai ka 0.60% a hiki i ka 1.70% a hiki ke paʻakikī a hoʻonāukiuki.
Hoʻohana nui a me nā mea hoʻohana: Hoʻohana mau ʻia no nā mea hoʻopaʻa maʻamau e like menā kī, nati,wiliwili, a me nā studs. Hāʻawi lākou i ka ikaika maikaʻi a he kumu kūʻai. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me ka zinc plating e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
Ⅱ. Kila kohu ʻole
Huina: He hao hao, chromium (Chromium content 12% to 30%), a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka nickel, molybdenum, a me ka nitrogen. Hāʻawi ka maʻi chromium i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion maikaʻi loa.
ʻO Chromium ka mea kumu e hana ai i ke kila kuhiliʻole. Ke piʻi ka chromium i loko o ke kila ma kahi o 1.2%, hoʻopili ka chromium me ka oxygen i loko o ka corrosive medium e hana i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni oxide (self-passivation film) ma luna o ke kila kila, hiki ke pale i ka corrosion hou o ka matrix kila. Ma waho aʻe o ka chromium, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohui i ka nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, copper, nitrogen, etc.
Nā ʻano: Austenitic (e laʻa, 201, 304, 316), Martensitic (eg, 410, 420), Ferritic (eg, 430,446).
Hoʻohana nui a me nā mea hoʻohana: Hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā kaiapuni kahi koʻikoʻi ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, e like me ka ʻoihana kai, kemika, a me nā ʻoihana meaʻai. He kūpono hoʻi no nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe.
ʻAʻole e hoʻopōʻino ke kila kila, ka lua, ka ʻōpala a i ʻole ka ʻaʻahu. ʻO ke kila kila kekahi o nā mea ikaika loa ma waena o nā mea metala i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana. No ka maikaʻi o ke kila kila, hiki ke mālama i ka pono o ka hoʻolālā ʻenekinia o nā ʻāpana kūkulu. Hoʻohui pū ʻia ke kila kila kila me ka Chromium i ka ikaika mechanical a me ka elongation kiʻekiʻe, e maʻalahi ai ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana.
Ⅲ. ʻAiʻa kila
Huina: Loaʻa i kahi pākēneka kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻohuihui (e laʻa, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kalapona, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā waiwai e like me ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, a me ka paʻakikī.
Inā hiki i ka 12% ka nui o ka chromium i loko o ke kila kila, e hoʻokumu ʻia ka chromium oxide ma luna o ka ʻili o ke kila, e hoʻololi koke i ka pale ʻana o ke kila i ka media oxidizing a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana. Hiki i nā mea e like me chromium, aluminika, a me ke silika ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana o ka oxidation a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ke kila i nā kinoea wela kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻo ka nui o ka alumini a me ke silika e hōʻemi i ka thermoplasticity o ke kila. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Nickel e hana a hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻolālā austenite, i hiki ke loaʻa i ke kila nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa corrosion a me ka hana hana. Hiki i ka Molybdenum ke hoʻololi koke i ke kila a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona pale ʻana i ka corrosion i nā hoʻonā i loaʻa i nā ion chloride a me nā mea pāpaʻi non-oxidizing ʻē aʻe.
Papa helu: E like me ka maʻiʻo o nā mea hoʻohui, ua māhele ʻia i ke kila kila haʻahaʻa (maʻiʻo 10%).
Hoʻohana nui a me nā mea hoʻohana: Hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻopaʻa ikaika kiʻekiʻe no ka automotive, aerospace, a me nā mīkini koʻikoʻi, kahi e koi ʻia ai ka ikaika tensile a me ka pale ʻana.
Ⅳ. keleawe
Huina: Ke keleawe maʻemaʻe a i ʻole nā huila me ka liʻiliʻi o nā metala ʻē aʻe e like me ka tin (bronze) a i ʻole zinc (brass).
ʻO ke keleawe, he metala me ka ʻulaʻula poni-ʻulaʻula, he 8.92 g/cm3 ka mānoanoa. Ka helu heheʻe 1083.4±0.2 ℃, kahi e hoʻolapalapa ai 2567 ℃. ʻO ke keleawe kekahi o nā metala mua loa i ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka a ʻo kekahi o nā metala maʻemaʻe maikaʻi loa. He paʻakikī iki, ʻoʻoleʻa loa a pale i ka ʻaʻahu. Loaʻa iā ia ka ductility maikaʻi. He maikaʻi ka wela a me ka uila. ʻO ke keleawe a me kekahi o kāna mau mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion a paʻa loa i ka ea maloʻo. Akā i ka ea haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hana ʻia kahi papa o ka carbonate keleawe kumu ma luna o kona ʻili, i kapa ʻia ʻo verdigris. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka waikawa nitric a me ka ʻakika sulfuric concentrated wela, a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe iki ʻia i ka waikawa hydrochloric. Hiki ke ʻino ʻia e ka alkali.
Hoʻohana nui a me nā mea hoʻohana: ʻIke ʻia no kona hoʻoili uila maikaʻi loa a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea paʻa keleawe a me ke keleawe i nā pili uila a me nā noi kai.
Ⅴ. Aluminum
Huina: ʻO nā alumini alumini maʻemaʻe a i ʻole nā alumini alumini, hiki ke komo i nā mea e like me ke keleawe, magnesium, silicon, a i ʻole zinc.
ʻO ka alumini he metala keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me ka mānoanoa o 2.702 g/cm3, kahi heheʻe o 660.37 ℃, a me kahi paila o 2467 ℃. Loaʻa iā ia ka conductivity thermal maikaʻi, conductivity uila a me ka ductility. Kapa ʻia ka alumini he mea metala ikaika, akā e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide ma luna o kona ʻili i ka lewa, e pale ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hana me ka oxygen a me ka wai. Hiki iā ia ke hana me ka oxygen i nā wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokuʻu i ka nui o ka wela. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu o ka hopena thermite i ka hana ʻana, e like me ke kuʻi ʻana i nā ala kila, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā metala refractory, a me ka hana ʻana i nā pyrotechnics kuʻuna.
Hoʻohana nui a me nā mea hoʻohana: Māmā a kūpaʻa i ka corrosion, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea kūpono no ka aerospace, automotive, a me nā noi kai. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā mea hoʻopaʻa alumini i ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā mea uila ma muli o ko lākou kaumaha haʻahaʻa a me nā waiwai non-magnetic.
Nā kūlana
• ISO(International Organization for Standardization): Hāʻawi i nā kūlana honua e pili ana i ka honua.
• GB(Guobiao, Kina National Standard): Nā kūlana aupuni Kina.
• MAI(Deutsches Institut für Normung, German Institute for Standardization): Nā kūlana Kelemānia, ʻike nui ʻia ma ka honua.
• AISI/SAE(American Iron and Steel Institute / Society of Automotive Engineers): Nā kūlana ʻAmelika, ʻoi loa no nā kila.
• HE(Nā Kūlana ʻOihana Iapana): Nā kūlana Iapana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻĀsia.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea i kāna mau pono ponoʻī a koho ʻia ma muli o nā koi kikoʻī o ka noi, e like me ka ikaika, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ka mahana, a me ke kumukūʻai. He mea nui e koho i ka mea kūpono a me ka helu e hōʻoia i ka hana paʻa me ka hilinaʻi ma kona wahi i manaʻo ʻia.
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